Research On Vaping: Inhaling Cannabis

The Smart Way to Inhale Cannabis

Let’s talk vapor—not the kind that fogs up your mirror, but the smooth, flavourful clouds that come from vaping cannabis. Vaporizers are the modern, tech-savvy evolution of traditional joints. Instead of burning your herbs to ash (and irritating your lungs in the process), vaporizers gently heat them to release their beneficial compounds—cannabinoids, terpenes, and all the goodness—without the harmful effects of combustion.

But where did this game-changing innovation come from?

The Inventor Behind the Vape

Vaping, as we know it today, was born from a mix of personal tragedy and technological innovation. In 2003, Chinese pharmacist Hon Lik developed the modern e-cigarette after losing his father to smoking-related lung cancer. Determined to create a safer alternative, he designed a device that could deliver nicotine (and later, cannabis) without combustion. His battery-powered vaporization system launched a global movement. Thanks, Hon!

Now, take a look at what’s available, all thanks to this revolution.

Why People Are Loving the Vape Life

Smoother, Healthier Hits

Vaping heats cannabis instead of burning it, meaning no smoke, no tar, and no lingering odours. Public Health England has even reported that vaping is 95% safer than smoking—yes, ninety-five.

Thinking About Quitting Cigarettes?

It offers a way to cut down on nicotine gradually, making the transition to quitting much easier than traditional smoking methods.

Flavour Like Never Before

Vaping doesn’t just preserve the plant—it enhances it. Instead of tasting burnt material, you’ll experience the full spectrum of flavours (thanks, terpenes!).

Efficient Use of Your Cannabis

Vapes help you make the most of your stash. Since vaporization preserves more cannabinoids, you end up using less while getting better effects.

Customizable Experience

Many vaporizers allow you to adjust the temperature, meaning you can fine-tune your experience to stay mellow or elevate to new heights.

But it's not all smooth sailing—while vaping is widely considered a better alternative to smoking, the sheer variety of devices, settings, and flavours can feel overwhelming at first. Plus, the science behind it is still evolving. That said, even the NHS supports vaping as a smoking cessation tool, so the evidence continues to build in its favour.

Keeping It Real

With all the gear, technology, and different e-liquid options, the vaping world can be a bit daunting at first. And while it's generally viewed as safer than smoking, long-term research is still ongoing. That said, organizations like the NHS advocate for vaping to help people quit cigarettes—so it's backed by experts.

Conclusion

Switching to vaping cannabis is like upgrading from a flip phone to a smartphone—once you experience the difference, you won’t look back. It’s smoother, smarter, and better for your lungs, your taste buds, and your overall experience. Whether you're interested in the health benefits, the enhanced flavours, or simply cutting down on smoking, one thing is certain: vaping isn’t just a trend. It’s the future of cannabis consumption.

Go ahead, take a hit—the gentle way. Your lungs will appreciate it.

References

• ECigsAdvice. (n.d.). 10 Benefits of Vaping – Pros & Cons. [Online] Available at: https://ecigsadvice.com/10-benefits-of-vaping-pros-cons [Accessed 22 Apr. 2025].

• Greendorphin. (n.d.). 9 Must-Know Benefits of Vaporizing Cannabis. [Online] Available at: https://greendorphin.com/9-must-know-benefits-vaporizing-cannabis [Accessed 22 Apr. 2025].

• Silicon Insider. (n.d.). History of Vapes: When Were They Invented? [Online] Available at: https://silicon-insider.com/history-of-vapes-when-were-they-invented [Accessed 22 Apr. 2025].

Disclaimer: This blog supports responsible cannabis use.

The information contained in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as health or medical advice. Always consult a physician or other qualified health provider regarding any questions you may have about a medical condition or health objectives.

4/20 For Everyone: The Evolution Of Cannibis Culture & Celebration

It all began in the '70s with a group of California teens known as The Waldos, who gathered at 4:20 p.m. to search for hidden weed (they never found it, but they did coin a holiday). What started as a secret code has now gone global — 4/20 is a celebration of cannabis culture, legalization, and progress.

From Taboo to Trending

Cannabis, once the villain of the War on Drugs, is now a rising star. Uruguay and Canada led the way in legalization, and U.S. states are following suit. Medical cannabis has become a global game-changer, shifting the conversation from “Should we?” to “How best to?”

Blunts, Brownies & Blended Milkshakes: Snack Time Is Sacred

Let’s talk about the real hero of 4/20 celebrations: the snacks. Whether you're team “Roll it up” or “Pass me an edible,” there’s something for everyone. Try sipping on an infused chocolate milkshake—served hot or cold depending on the vibe—and let the mellow waves roll in. Or go full chef mode and make weed-infused ice cream using cannabis chocolate milk. It's a stoner’s sundae dream. Just be warned: edibles are delicious and devious. Start low, go slow—or prepare for a five-hour conversation with your cat.

Responsible Revelry: Because Nobody Wants to End Up in a Bush

Sure, 4/20 is a celebration, but it’s not a free pass to light up on your grandma’s porch (unless she’s cool with it). Know your local laws—what’s legal in Vancouver might still get you a side-eye in Vienna. Remember: cannabis affects everyone differently. Side effects like paranoia, anxiety, or time feeling like it’s moving backward (spoiler: it’s not) are possible. Have some chill-out techniques handy—like a nap, a cuddle with your dog, or stress-snacking on non-infused cookies.

And yes, you don’t have to smoke to join the party. Vape it, eat it, drink it, or go topical. There are more ways to enjoy cannabis these days than there are episodes of Friends. (And yes, you might binge those too.)

More Than a Party: Education, Equity, and the Green Economy

Behind the hazy fun, 4/20 also carries weighty goals: education, advocacy, and equity. As the cannabis industry booms, we must also address the historical injustices of prohibition. Communities most affected by the War on Drugs deserve a fair shot in this green gold rush. Celebrating 4/20 means pushing for a just, inclusive, and sustainable cannabis future.

Conclusion

From high school hangouts to a global movement, 4/20 has come a long way. So whether you’re blazing, baking, or just vibing — celebrate smart, snack hard, and keep pushing for progress.

Happy 4/20, folks. Puff, puff, progress.

Disclaimer: This blog supports responsible cannabis use.

The information contained in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as health or medical advice. Always consult a physician or other qualified health provider regarding any questions you may have about a medical condition or health objectives.

Detoxing the Mind: Celebrating Women's Health with Cannabis, Magic Mushrooms and Holistic Wellness

Women's health is often viewed through the lens of physical well-being – nutrition, exercise, and medical care. However, true wellness also encompasses a clear and balanced mind. In our fast-paced world, stress, anxiety, and burnout can take a toll, making mental detox just as essential as a body cleanse.

While cannabis and magic mushrooms (psilocybin) are gaining recognition for their mental health benefits, other holistic practices also support emotional resilience and overall well-being. Whether you are interested in plant medicine or seeking alternative ways to restore balance, this guide explores powerful natural tools for detoxing the mind and reclaiming your mental health.

The Mental Load Women Carry

Women often juggle multiple roles – professionals, caregivers, partners, and leaders – internalizing stress while pushing forward. Chronic stress can lead to:

• Anxiety and depression

• Sleep disturbances

• Hormonal imbalances

• Burnout and emotional exhaustion

Detoxing the mind is not just about reducing stress; it's about shifting into a state of balance, where emotional well-being and self-care become priorities.

Cannabis: A Natural Ally For Mental Detox

Cannabis has been used for centuries as a healing plant, and modern science is now validating its benefits for mental health.

• CBD for Stress and Anxiety Relief: Cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychoactive compound found in cannabis, interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system to promote relaxation, alleviate anxiety, and enhance sleep. It is an excellent option for women seeking relief without experiencing a high.

• THC for Emotional Release and Creativity: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component, can help release emotional blockages, enhance creativity, and promote a sense of presence. In small doses, it can be a tool for mindfulness and self-reflection.

• Cannabis and Hormonal Balance: Cannabis has potential benefits in regulating hormones, easing menstrual symptoms, and reducing mood swings linked to PMS and menopause. By calming the nervous system, it supports emotional stability.

Magic Mushrooms: A Breakthrough for Mental Clarity

Psilocybin, the active compound in magic mushrooms, is gaining recognition for its profound effects on mental well-being.

• Microdosing for Mood and Focus: Microdosing psilocybin (taking small, sub-perceptual doses) has been shown to enhance mood, reduce stress, and improve focus – perfect for women managing high-pressure lifestyles.

• Breaking Through Emotional Barriers: Higher doses in guided settings can lead to deep emotional healing, helping women process past traumas, gain self-awareness, and experience profound mental clarity.

• Resetting the Mind: Psilocybin can help "reset" thought patterns, making it a powerful tool for breaking negative cycles, improving self-esteem, and fostering personal growth.

Holistic Alternatives for Mental Detox

While cannabis and magic mushrooms can be powerful tools, other holistic approaches support mental clarity and emotional well-being.

• Herbal Medicine and Adaptogens: Plants like ashwagandha, rhodiola, and holy basil help the body adapt to stress, regulate cortisol levels, and promote calmness.

• Mindfulness and Meditation: Daily meditation and deep breathing exercises help quiet the mind, reduce anxiety, and enhance emotional resilience. Guided visualization and journaling also help release negative thoughts.

• Breathwork and Cold Therapy: Techniques like the Wim Hof method use breath control and cold exposure to reduce stress, improve focus, and strengthen mental resilience.

• Movement and Energy Work: Yoga, tai chi, and Qigong integrate breath with movement, helping detox the mind while enhancing body awareness and emotional balance.

• Creative Therapy and Sound Healing: Music therapy, sound baths, and creative outlets like painting or dancing activate the brain's relaxation response, promoting mental clarity and self-expression.

• Sleep and Digital Detox: Prioritizing quality sleep and reducing screen time before bed significantly improves cognitive function, mood, and mental clarity.

Breaking the Stigma and Embracing Natural Wellness

Despite their benefits, cannabis and psilocybin have been stigmatized for decades. As society shifts toward plant-based healing, it's time to recognize their potential in women's health alongside other holistic practices.

• Empowerment through Knowledge: Understanding these natural tools allows women to make informed choices about their well-being.

• Safe and Responsible Use: Whether incorporating CBD into a self-care routine or exploring microdosing, education is key.

• Community and Support: More women are sharing their experiences with plant medicine, helping break the stigma and create supportive spaces.

Final Thoughts

Detoxing the mind is not just about eliminating stress – it's about cultivating mental clarity, emotional balance, and self-empowerment. Whether through cannabis, magic mushrooms, or holistic alternatives, women have a range of natural tools to support their mental well-being.

By embracing self-care, challenging outdated stigmas, and exploring natural healing methods, women can reclaim their mental wellness – one mindful moment at a time.

References:

1. Wim Hof – Wim Hof Method Guided Breathing for Beginners (3 Rounds Slow Pace)

The information contained in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as health or medical advice. Always consult a physician or other qualified health provider regarding any questions you may have about a medical condition or health objectives.

The Glow - Up: Why CBD Skin Care is the Ultimate Beauty Hack

CBD has taken the wellness world by storm, and now it is making waves in skincare. From serums to balms, this powerhouse ingredient is popping up in beauty routines everywhere. But is it just hype, or does CBD work wonders for your skin? Spoiler alert: it is the real deal! Let us dive into why CBD-infused skincare products might be your skin's new best friend.

1. Bye-bye, Breakouts!

If your skin loves to throw surprise breakouts, CBD could be your new secret weapon. Thanks to its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, CBD helps reduce redness, soothe irritation, and balance sebum production. This means fewer clogged pores and a lower chance of acne flare-ups, without drying out your skin. A 2014 study published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation found that CBD may help reduce acne by regulating oil production and lowering inflammation in sebaceous glands.

2. Hydration Hero

Dry, flaky skin? No problem! CBD is rich in omega fatty acids, which help strengthen the skin barrier and lock in moisture. Many CBD-infused creams and serums also contain nourishing oils like jojoba or argan oil, making them perfect for keeping your skin hydrated and glowing all day long. A small 2019 study indicated the potential benefits of CBD for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (eczema), showing improvements in skin hydration and elasticity.

3. Soothe & Smooth

CBD is not just about hydration; it is also a superstar when it comes to reducing inflammation. Whether you are dealing with eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea, CBD-infused skincare products can help calm flare-ups and keep your skin feeling soft and smooth. A 2019 study examined 20 patients suffering from psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and resulting outcome scars. After administering topical CBD-enriched ointment to lesioned skin twice daily for three months, researchers observed improved skin and inflammatory symptoms in study participants.

4. Battling Anti-Aging

CBD is packed with antioxidants, which help fight free radicals and protect your skin from environmental stressors like pollution and UV rays. By neutralizing these skin-damaging culprits, CBD can reduce fine lines and wrinkles while keeping your complexion looking youthful and radiant. Research published in the journal Redox Biology in 2020 suggested that CBD's antioxidant properties could help protect the skin from free radical damage and oxidative stress.

5. Perfect for Sensitive Skin

If your skin reacts to everything, CBD might be the gentle solution you have been looking for. Unlike harsh chemicals, CBD works with your skin's natural balance, helping to calm irritation without causing dryness or discomfort.

6. Good riddance Puffy Eyes

Did not get enough sleep? No worries, CBD has your back (or in this case, your under-eyes). Thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties, CBD can help reduce puffiness and dark circles, giving you that well-rested, fresh-faced look even if you binge-watched your favourite show all night.

How to Choose the Right CBD Skincare Product

Not all CBD skincare products are created equal! When shopping for CBD-infused beauty goodies, keep these tips in mind:

• Look for Full or Broad-Spectrum CBD: These contain additional beneficial cannabinoids and terpenes that enhance the effects.

• Check the Ingredients: Ensure the product contains natural, skin-loving ingredients and avoids harsh chemicals.

• Opt for Third-Party Tested Products: This guarantees purity and potency.

• Match Your Skin Type: Choose a product that suits your specific skin needs (dry, oily, sensitive, etc.).

Final Thoughts

CBD skincare is more than just a trend, it is a game-changer for all skin types. Whether you are looking to fight acne, hydrate dry skin, reduce redness, or keep wrinkles at bay, CBD-infused products have something to offer. So, if you have not already, it is time to give your beauty routine a CBD glow-up!

The information contained in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as health or medical advice. Always consult a physician or other qualified health provider regarding any questions you may have about a medical condition or health objectives.

How CBD Oil is Made: The complete guide

Ever wonder how CBD oil is made? In this guide, you’ll learn where CBD comes from and how it’s extracted, plus what to look for when buying CBD oil for yourself.​

From supermarket shelves to Instagram ads, CBD is nearly impossible to avoid. But even with more and more people trying CBD products every day, one of the most common questions consumers ask is, “How is CBD oil made?”

But answering that question isn’t quite as simple as it may seem. Many CBD providers use different methods at all stages of production, and things like the CBD extraction process and the type of CBD used to make a CBD oil tincture matter greatly when choosing whom to trust.

In this blog, we will look at each of those steps in order to paint a complete picture of what CBD is, where it comes from, how it’s manufactured, and how the different types of CBD are made and used.

What is CBD?

First things first: What is CBD, exactly? Cannabidiol, or CBD for short, is a cannabinoid found in both marijuana cannabis as well as industrial hemp that works alongside many other cannabinoids to act upon your endocannabinoid system (ECS).

Discovery of CBD

CBD was first discovered in the 1940s. In 1963, scientists began working to study and understand the effects of individual cannabinoids like CBD, THC, and CBN. However, more than 40 years passed after this initial research before CBD and other hemp-based products could be sold..

CBD vs. THC

One of the primary provisions is that industrial hemp plants (the kind from which CBD is primarily extracted), could not contain more than 0.3 percent THC by dry volume. That’s because the THC is the one cannabinoid that’s intoxicating; CBD has many benefits, but it won’t get you high. This provision has led to a large demand for the types of cannabis plants that have a very high CBD yield while simultaneously containing almost no THC.

What is CBD Oil Made From?

If you’ve ever wondered, “What is CBD oil made of?” the answer begins with Cannabis sativa L. And if you want to get to the bottom of how CBD oil is made, what better place to start than the root of it all?

What is Cannabis Sativa?

Cannabis sativa (sometimes referred to as Cannabis sativa L for Carl Linnaeus, the botanist who classified the species) is an herbaceous species that has been cultivated throughout history. Cannabis sativa is cultivated for a variety of uses, including recreational purposes.

Sativa vs. Indica

Let’s look at the difference between Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica, the two primary varieties of the cannabis plant. Physically, sativa plants are typically much taller than their indica counterparts, which tend to resemble a bush more than a tree. Further, sativa plants tend to be much more resistant to heat, can grow in warmer climates, and have much longer flowering cycles.

Those characteristics make growing and harvesting a large crop of sativa plants much easier, as they can be easily grown outside under the types of conditions most farmers are already used to. Indica plants, on the other hand, typically must be grown in controlled environments that use complicated techniques like growth lights and hydroponic irrigation.

Hemp vs. Marijuana

For the reasons above, Cannabis sativa L. is the widely accepted choice for industrial hemp growth as the stalks are taller (meaning more hemp-based textiles can be produced), it’s easier to manage, and a longer flowering cycle leads to less bud death before it can be harvested. Those traits don’t necessarily keep the plant under the required 0.3 percent THC, but the way industrial hemp is planted surely does.

When cannabis plants of all varieties begin to sprout, there is a careful calculation that must be made depending on the purpose of the plant. The highest concentration of cannabinoids, whether THC or CBD, occurs in the resin in unfertilized “female” plants. So growers of marijuana and industrial hemp high in CBD remove all male plants from their fields. On the other hand, industrial hemp is also grown for fiber and seed, in which case growing both male and female plants is fine.

How is CBD Oil Made From Hemp?

Now that you have a basic understanding of how high-CBD strains of hemp are cultivated, the next step is understanding the CBD extraction process.

When people think about how CBD is extracted, many think of everything from futuristic space labs to their stoner friend, Dave, making Cannabutter in his kitchen, but the truth lies somewhere in the middle.

When it comes to how CBD oil is extracted, there isn’t just one answer. So let’s walk through the two most common types of extraction to get a deeper understanding of what all those buzzwords you see on labels and websites really mean.

Ethanol Extraction

Ethanol extraction is perhaps the most popular CBD extraction process, as it is safe, simple, and effective. In this method, high-grade grain alcohol (ethanol) is used as a solvent to separate CBD and other cannabinoids from the plant itself. Ethanol extraction can be done under warm or cold conditions, and is considered extremely time-efficient when compared to other CBD extraction processes like CO2 extraction.

CO2 Extraction

Supercritical (or subcritical) CO2 extraction is a method that involves using carbon dioxide that is under extremely low temperatures and very high pressure to strip hemp flower of all cannabinoids and terpenes. CO2 extraction is highly precise and can produce some of the purest cannabinoid extracts when done properly. However, because of the high cost of equipment and the steep learning curve, this is not always the case.

When this is done well, CO2 extracted products are some of the purest in the world, but when done in less-than-optimal conditions, there is great room for error. That potential for error is why subcritical CO2 extraction is largely used by “boutique” CBD brands that cater to the “luxury” class of CBD consumers.

But these basic extraction processes are only the beginning. There are also different types of CBD oil created through different manufacturing processes. So maybe a better question is: How are CBD oils made?

Types of CBD

When first-time CBD users begin their research, one of the biggest areas of confusion is over the many types of CBD that exist. This confusion stems from industry-specific terms like “isolate,” “full-spectrum,” and “broad spectrum,” but most first-time consumers (and even many CBD veterans) don’t really understand what those terms mean.

So to help you fully understand what you’re getting when buying CBD oil, let’s dive into the most common types of CBD and what that means for you as a consumer.

How CBD Isolate is Made

CBD isolate is the “purest” form of CBD on the market. That’s because isolates only contain CBD. This means that during the CBD extraction process, all other cannabinoids and terpenes are weeded out (no pun intended), leaving only CBD molecules behind.

These isolates are then used in the formulation of a variety of CBD oil products like CBD oil tinctures, CBD gummies, and your other CBD-infused favourites. Isolate-based products are much beloved by people venturing into the world of cannabis-related products for the first time as well as those that can’t take any risks regarding THC content (like professional athletes, for example).

However, one drawback to pure isolates is the lack of other potentially helpful cannabinoids and terpenes. That’s where full-spectrum and broad-spectrum products come into play.

How Full-Spectrum CBD is Made

The term “full-spectrum” simply means that you get the full array of whatever cannabinoids and terpenes were in the plant from which your CBD was extracted. And while this method certainly includes all of the compounds stripped out of isolate-based products, it also includes trace amounts of THC.

Generally, the level of THC in full-spectrum products is not enough to get you high, but in some cases (with prolonged use), enough THC can build up in your system to register a positive result on more sensitive drug tests.

Another potential drawback to full-spectrum products is that the level of CBD and other cannabinoids is largely dependent on the potency of the plants used, which means that consistency can sometimes be a challenge.

How Broad-Spectrum CBD is Made

If isolates are on one end of the CBD spectrum and full-spectrum CBD is on the other end, then broad-spectrum products can be said to rest somewhere in the middle. The theory with broad-spectrum CBD products is that by creating a full-spectrum solution and then removing only the THC molecules from the mixture, a perfect hybrid can be created.

However, in practice, broad-spectrum products tend to face many of the same pitfalls as full-spectrum products do. For starters, because most broad-spectrum is usually just “full-spectrum minus THC,” there is always the possibility that not all THC has been entirely removed, meaning that long-term use could lead to a build-up of THC in your system, leading to similar “false positive” test results.

Further, the issue of consistency still factors in, because while one batch may be higher in the secondary cannabinoid CBG, the next batch may be higher in CBN content. That is why some companies have taken the term “broad-spectrum” into their own hands and created specialized formulas that merge the best aspects of both broad-spectrum and isolate-based products.

Learn More About CBD

There’s always more to learn about CBD, from product options to updated information and industry trends. Stay connected, follow blogs and keep on top of up-to-date research.

Source: cbdMD

Cannabis: An Overview of Use in Veterinary Medicine

Perhaps no other herb has recently received as much attention in the media – or in the courts – as Cannabis sativa. With more and more countries and local jurisdictions moving toward legalisation for recreational as well as medical purposes, use of cannabis in its many forms has expanded exponentially among the human population. As medical marijuana becomes more widely accepted and available, it’s no surprise that veterinary practitioners are increasingly asked to address questions about medical applications for nonhuman animals, while manufacturers are facing decisions regarding how to respond to customer demand.

The professional veterinary community is just beginning to formulate guidelines for clinical use, and confusion remains regarding how to apply historical knowledge about other herbs and natural supplements to its use. Availability of cannabis products in a range of forms adds to the confusion. Anecdotal reports of toxicosis, in the context of decades of legal restrictions and prohibitions by some veterinary governing bodies, have raised concerns to an unnecessary degree.

Cannabis has demonstrated its medicinal benefits across thousands of years of use, however using it to optimum efficacy is in fact complicated, and can best be achieved through study and experience. Still, its safety, efficacy, and broad range of clinical uses – from treatment of pain and inflammation to neuroprotection, slowing or reversing tumour growth and metastasis, and much more – make it an important addition to the practitioner’s and caregiver’s therapeutic resources and to pharmacies’ and manufacturers’ product offerings. A discussion here of a few applicable principles will serve to clarify issues and options, provide a starting point for further study, and generate inspiration to give this medicine the attention it deserves.

Broad Application and Exceptional Safety Profile

Not only does cannabis offer an effective option in the treatment strategy for many forms of disease, it’s also one of the safest. A key reason for both attributes lies in its synergy with animal biology. The phytocannabinoids that are key therapeutic components of the plant mirror endogenous cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors that are present in virtually every animal species that has been assessed (with the apparent exception of insects), within what has been named the endocannabinoid system (ECS).

These receptors have been found in the brain and throughout the central nervous system, in organs and connective tissue throughout the body, and even in cells of the immune system. The ECS is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in immune, neurological, and digestive systems; inflammatory response; apoptosis and carcinogenesis; energy and metabolism; sleep; emotions; and more. When an animal’s health is disrupted by disease, trauma, or other stress, exogenous cannabinoids, like those found in the cannabis plant, can interact with the endocannabinoid system to help restore balance.

Into the Weeds: Cannabinoids

At least four hundred active compounds that affect the body and mind have been identified in the cannabis plant. Those include more than sixty cannabinoids, hundreds of terpenes, more than twenty flavonoids, as well as lipids and omega fatty acids. All of these compounds work synergistically in what is known as “the entourage effect,” to balance and modulate the action of each component. Together they provide greater benefit than any one or two or a few components given separately. That’s why medicine made from whole plants is generally preferable to any single isolated component.

Tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, and cannabidiol, or CBD, are the two most prominent cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa, and are best known for their medicinal properties. For our purposes here, and for most therapeutic purposes, knowing the amounts and proportions of CBD and THC in the medicine is most relevant for assessing safety and efficacy and choosing the appropriate form and formula to meet a patient’s needs.

THC is the most abundant cannabinoid in plants grown for recreational use, and is the one responsible for the psychoactive “high” associated with marijuana. CBD is also present in large amounts, particularly in strains of the plant grown for medicinal purposes; while it is often used to reduce anxiety and promote sleep, it is not considered psychoactive because it does not produce the intoxicating effect of THC. It does in fact modulate the psychoactivity of THC, and can even help reverse it if needed. The relative amounts of CBD and THC in the medicine you choose is a determining factor in its therapeutic benefits, since each has a distinct effect on the body and mental state of the patient.

Concerns about the safety of using cannabis in veterinary practice are widespread – and largely unfounded. We’ve all read reports of dogs who have suffered THC toxicosis. But it’s important to note that those cases are generally attributable to ingestion of a large amount of a food made with recreational cannabis – think of a pan of marijuana brownies or slab of butter laced with a THC extract.

Dogs have far more endocannabinoid receptors in their brains than humans do, so they’re more susceptible to the intoxicating effects of THC. Even so, such cases are rarely fatal, and can easily be avoided. Obviously, edible marijuana products made for humans should be kept well out of reach of canine family members. In therapeutic usage, with products that are standardized, tested, and analysed for the amount of THC and other cannabinoids, the risk of an overdose is all but eliminated. Also, using products that contain as much or more CBD as THC reduces the risk even further, since CBD counteracts the psychoactive effects of THC.

Extensive Therapeutic Value

An exploration of the vast range of applications for cannabis illustrates why it’s such a valuable ally in veterinary practice.

• Neurological Disorders: CBD and other compounds in cannabis have been shown to have neuroprotective properties. They can reduce the frequency and severity of seizures, slow the progression of neurodegenerative disease like degenerative myelopathy and dementia, and support recovery from traumatic brain and spinal cord injury.

• Emotional/behavioural issues: CBD is an anxiolytic, effective in treating anxiety disorders, including separation anxiety, as well as situational fears such as fear of fireworks and thunderstorms or stress related to a visit with the veterinarian. It has also been useful in treating compulsive disorders and calming fear-based aggression. THC can also be calming, but in some individuals it can increase anxiety, so formulas higher in CBD than THC are recommended. In all cases it’s necessary to monitor the individual patient’s response.

• Inflammation: CBD is effective in reducing both chronic and acute inflammation. It has been used successfully to ease discomfort from osteoarthritis, traumatic injury, and overexertion.

• Pain: THC is particularly useful for pain management, including nerve pain and pain in cancer patients.

• Cancer: Cannabis is known to slow or reverse tumour growth by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting blood supply; it has also been shown to prevent metastasis.

Other indications include:

• motion sickness,

• anorexia,

• inflammatory bowel disease,

• skin eruptions and infections,

• immune support.

Choosing the Optimal Source, Form, and Delivery Method

Countless strains of the Cannabis sativa plant have been developed for medicinal purposes, and the medicine itself may consist of whole plant material, tinctures, extracts, or infusions; any and all of those can be used to create foods or products for topical application. Tinctures and extracts can be ingested or administered via mucosal membranes. There’s a lot to consider, and selecting the right source, form, and delivery method is key to a safe and successful outcome.

Marijuana vs. Hemp

The amounts of THC and CBD vary between different strains of cannabis, and growers of the plant have developed strains to meet differing purposes and needs. Those with much higher levels of THC have been produced to meet demand for recreational marijuana, where the euphoria THC is known for is desirable.

Plants grown for medicinal purposes are generally more balanced, with levels of CBD comparable to or higher than THC; these strains can be used to treat illness with little or no risk of intoxication.

The hemp plant, which is the same species as marijuana, has long been cultivated for industrial purposes, and has extremely low levels of cannabinoids, particularly THC. Because of the miniscule amount of THC, hemp is not considered psychoactive, and for that reason it is legal in many locales to grow and produce medicine from the hemp plant. But even industrial hemp has approximately 3% to 4% CBD, which producers extract for medicinal purposes.

In response to demand, growers are now developing strains of hemp with much higher levels of CBD. As long as THC levels remain low, the plant is considered nonpsychoactive, and it is legal to grow hemp and sell medicine made from it in many countries where marijuana is illegal.

That’s a good thing, because it greatly expands the availability of high-CBD medicinal products. However, many illnesses respond better to treatment with THC than CBD. Even those for which a higher-CBD medicine is recommended, we know that CBD is more effective in the presence of THC. Due to the entourage effect, it’s beneficial to use a CBD product that also has some THC, as well as the many terpenes and flavonoids that are present in the marijuana plant but much less so in hemp. For that reason, hemp-derived CBD formulas simply cannot provide the comprehensive and synergistic benefits of medicine made from marijuana with it’s full array of active compounds.

Whole Plant Medicine vs. Isolated Compounds

In recent years, many products have emerged that offer CBD, THC, or other key cannabinoids extracted as isolated components. While there is some merit to identifying a specific “active ingredient” to target a particular symptom or illness, this approach eliminates the synergistic and modulating benefits of the entourage effect cited above, and is likely to reduce the efficacy of the medicine; it may also increase the risk of side effects or toxicity. Medicines based on whole-plant formulas are likely to yield better outcomes overall.

Plant Matter vs Tinctures

Human patients commonly use cannabis as an unprocessed whole plant, either smoking it or incorporating it into brownies, cookies, or other edible form. For nonhuman patients, particularly those smaller in body size, this is risky, primarily due to the difficulty in calibrating precise dosage.

Fortunately, oil-based tinctures are now widely available, and allow for the precise dosing necessary to ensure safety as well as enabling practitioners and caregivers to find the optimum dose for a given patient. 

These tinctures are typically offered in a base of olive, coconut, or salmon oil, which are palatable for most species.

CBD:THC Ratio

The ratio of CBD to THC is an important factor in choosing the right medicine, since these two primary cannabinoids have different effects and therapeutic benefits. It’s also a safety factor, since large amounts of THC can cause negative psychoactive effects in some species, particularly canines, when not balanced with a similar or greater amount of CBD. A quality medicinal cannabis tincture will have the CBD:THC ratio clearly indicated on the product label.

Below are some commonly available ratios and their applications:

• High CBD (4:1 to 20:1 CBD:THC): Seizures, degenerative and other neurologic disorders, gastro-intestinal issues, pain, inflammation, anxiety/fearfulness, sleep disruption, behavioural problems

• Even Ratio (1:1 CBD:THC): Cancer, neurologic disorders, brain or spinal trauma, pain, gastrointestinal problems

• High THC (1:4 to 1:20 CBD:THC; should be used only under the supervision of a veterinary practitioner who is experienced in the use of cannabinoids): Cancer, anorexia, severe pain

Dosing and Administration

Because of the intimate relationship between CBD, THC, and the endocannabinoid system, dosing protocols are different from those for other herbs. One of the hallmarks of effective cannabis therapy is the principle that “less is more”—that is, the patient may respond better to a very small dose than to a larger one. And since every animal’s endocannabinoid system is unique, the ideal dose for one individual may be different from that for another of similar species and size. In the initial phase of treatment, microdosing, trituration, and careful monitoring of patient response are key to a successful outcome.

• For most companion animals, a good minimum starting dose is 0.1 mg of total cannabinoids (CBD + THC) per kilogram of body weight. For larger species, 1 mg per 100 kilograms may be appropriate.

• If there is no improvement within 2 to 3 days, increase the dose by ¼ to ½ the amount of the starting dose.

• Continue increasing the dose until a response is observed; be aware that while a dose that is too high is unlikely to be harmful, if the animal receives more medicine than he needs, you may see less benefit, not more.

• If that happens, stop giving the medicine for two or three days, then resume treatment at the dose at which you saw the best response.

When cannabis is ingested, as much as 30% to 60% of cannabinoids are metabolised by the liver. That’s why, for most species, applying the oil-based tincture to the oral mucosa is the preferred mode of administration. With a mucosal application, benefits may be observed within ten to twenty minutes, with the most pronounced effects lasting three to four hours. With ingestion, benefits are observed after one to two hours and generally last six to seven hours or longer. With both methods, cannabis has an underlying cumulative effect that will be sustained much longer, providing lasting therapeutic benefits.

An Opportunity for Wellness

The excellent safety profile and extensive range of indications for medicinal cannabis therapy reveal it as an exciting addition to our treatment protocols for all species. With governments and professional oversight organisations easing restrictions on its use, we have an opportunity to bring a new and powerful ally in healing to our clients, customers, and patients.

As our community of veterinary professionals gains experience and expertise in the application of this complicated but very forgiving medicine, we can look forward to a greater understanding of the synergy between the plant and animal kingdoms and the health and wellness it engenders.

REFERENCES

1. American Veterinary Medical Association. Cannabis in Veterinary Medicine. Aug 14, 2020. https://www.avma.org/ sites/default/files/2021-03/APH-CannabisResources- Report-20201207.pdf, accessed May 9, 2022.

2. Atakan Z. Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals. Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol. Dec 2012; 2(6):241-54. https://pubmed.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23983983/, accessed May 9, 2022.

3. Hazzah, T., André, C.M., Richter, G., & McGrath, S. Cannabis in Veterinary Medicine: A Critical Review. AHVMA Journal. Vol. 61, Winter 2020, 17-41.

4. Silver, R.J. Veterinary Cannabis: Regulatory, Pharmacology, Safety, Applications (Pain & Cancer), ISVMA.org, https://www.isvma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ SilverVeterinaryCannabis.pdf, accessed May 9, 2022.

5. Silver R. J. The Endocannabinoid System of Animals. Animals: an open access journal from MDPI. 9(9), Sept 16, 2019, 686.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090686, accessed May 9, 2022.

Jan Allegretti

Jan Allegretti, D.Vet.Hom., is the author of The Complete Holistic Dog Book: Home Health Care for Our Canine Companions. She has more than thirty years’ experience as a teacher and consultant in holistic health care for nonhuman animals, offering workshops and consultations to caregivers, rescue organizations, veterinarians, and other animal health professionals.

Web: www.JanAllegretti.com

What is THC Distilate?

THC distillate is a highly refined cannabis concentrate that has gained popularity for its potency and versatility. As one of the purest forms of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), THC distillate offers a concentrated dose of the psychoactive compound found in cannabis. Understanding what THC distillate is and how to dose it properly can enhance your cannabis experience. Here’s an in-depth look at THC distillate and how to use it effectively.

What is THC Distillate?

THC distillate is a cannabis extract that has undergone a process called distillation, which removes impurities and concentrates the THC. This process involves heating the cannabis extract to separate THC from other cannabinoids, terpenes, and plant materials. The result is a nearly pure THC product with a clear, viscous consistency. THC distillate is known for its high potency, often containing over 90% THC, making it one of the most concentrated forms of cannabis available.

THC distillate is prized for its versatility and can be used in a variety of ways, including in edibles, tinctures, vaporization, and dabbing. Its purity and potency make it a popular choice for those seeking a strong and consistent cannabis experience.

How to Dose THC Distillate

• Understand Your Potency: Before dosing THC distillate, it’s important to know its potency. Most THC distillates contain upwards of 90% THC, which is significantly higher than other cannabis products. This high concentration means that a small amount of distillate can produce strong effects. Check the product label for specific THC percentages to gauge the potency of your distillate.

• Start with a Low Dose: Due to its potency, it’s essential to start with a low dose of THC distillate. For beginners or those with low tolerance, starting with a dose as small as 0.05 to 0.1 grams is advisable. As THC distillate is concentrated, even a small amount can have a significant impact. Gradually increase the dosage as needed, based on your tolerance and desired effects.

Methods of Consumption

• Dabbing: One of the most common methods for consuming THC distillate is dabbing. Using a dab rig, apply a small amount of distillate to a heated surface and inhale the vapor. Dabbing provides a quick onset of effects and is ideal for those seeking a potent experience.

• Vaporization: THC distillate can be vaporized using a vape pen designed for concentrates. This method allows for precise dosing and a smoother inhalation experience compared to dabbing.

• Edibles: THC distillate can be incorporated into homemade edibles, such as cookies or brownies. Carefully measure the distillate and mix it into your recipe to ensure even distribution and accurate dosing. Start with a small amount and wait for the effects to set in before consuming more, as edibles can take longer to produce effects.

• Tinctures: THC distillate can also be used to create tinctures. Mix the distillate with a carrier oil, such as MCT oil, and take it sublingually (under the tongue) for a more controlled and gradual onset of effects.

• Monitor and Adjust: After consuming THC distillate, monitor how you feel and adjust your dosage accordingly. Effects can vary based on individual tolerance, metabolism, and method of consumption. Be patient, as it may take some time to find the optimal dose for your needs.

• Safety Considerations: Due to its high potency, it’s important to use THC distillate responsibly. Avoid driving or operating heavy machinery after consumption, and keep the product out of reach of children and pets. Store THC distillate in a cool, dark place to maintain its potency and prevent degradation.

Conclusion

THC distillate is a highly potent form of cannabis that can be used in various ways, such as dabbing, vaporization, edibles, and tinctures. It’s essential to start with a low dose and be aware of the strength of the distillate to achieve the desired effects safely. Seeking advice from a healthcare professional, especially one knowledgeable about medical cannabis, can provide valuable guidance on using THC distillate and other cannabis products.

Source: Integro Clinics

The information contained in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as health or medical advice. Always consult a physician or other qualified health provider regarding any questions you may have about a medical condition or health objectives.